Iontogel 3

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1. Energy density

Ionogels are 3D polymer network that contain Ionic liquids that have excellent electrochemical, thermal, and chemical stability. They are nonflammable and have a low vapor pressure and have a large potential window. This makes them ideal for supercapacitors. Additionally, the presence of ionic liquids within their structure provides them with mechanical strength. Ionogels can be used without encapsulation and are compatible with harsh conditions such as high temperatures.

As a result, they are promising candidates for portable and wearable electronics. They are not compatible with electrodes because of their large ion sizes and high viscosity. This leads to a slow ionic diffusion, and a gradual decrease in capacitance. Researchers incorporated ionogels in solid-state capacitances (SC) in order to obtain high energy density and long-lasting durability. The resulting iontogel based SCs outperformed previously reported ILs and gel-based ILSCs.

To create the iontogel-based SCs, 0.6 g copolymer (P(VDF-HFP) was mixed with 1.8 grams of hydrophobic EMIMBF4 ionic fluid (IL). The solution was poured onto a Ni-based film and sandwiched between MCNN/CNT/CNT films and CCNN/CNT/CNT/CNT film, which were utilized as negative and positive electrodes. The ionogel electrode was then evaporated in an Ar-filled glovebox which resulted in an FISC that is symmetrical and has a 3.0 V potential window.

The iontogel-based FISCs demonstrated good endurance, with a capacitance retention up to 88% after 1000 cycles under straight and bending conditions. Additionally, they showed excellent stability, sustaining the same potential window even under bent. These results show that iontogels could be a durable and efficient alternative to conventional electrolytes that are that are based on ionic liquids. They could also open the way for future development of flexible lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, FISCs based on iontogels can be easily modified to meet the needs of different applications. They can be shaped to conform to the dimensions of the device, and they can be used for charging and discharging under different bent angles. This makes them a good candidate for applications where the size of the device as well as the bend angles aren't fixed.

2. Ionic conductivity

The structure of the polymer networks may have a significant impact on the conductivity of ions. A polymer with a high Tg and crystallinity has an increased conductivity ion than one with a low Tg or crystallinity. Iontogels with a high ionic conductivity are needed for applications that require electrochemical performance. Recently, we were able to create a self healing ionogel that has excellent mechanical properties and high ionic conducting. This new ionogel is prepared by locking ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM TFSI), into poly(aminopropyl-methylsiloxane) grafted with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC), in the presence of tannic acid (TA). The result is a dual crosslinked system that is fully physical, consisting of ionic clusters that connect METAC, the TA and PAPMS and hydrophobic networks between TA, PAPMS and iontogel 3

The ionogel that is chemically crosslinked exhibits excellent mechanical properties including high elastic strain to break and high strain recovery. It also has good thermal stability and ionic conductivity that ranges from 1.19 to 1.19 mS cm-1 at 25 degrees Celsius. The ionogel is also capable of healing completely in 12 hours at room temperature with a maximum recovery of 83 percent. This is because of a fully physical dual crosslinked network that is made up of METAC and TA as well as hydrogen bonding between iontogel3 & the TA.

In addition we have also been able to modify the mechanical properties of ionogels with different ratios of trithiol crosslinker and dithiols in the base material. By increasing the concentrations of dithiols we can reduce the density of network crosslinking in the Ionogels. We also have found that varying the thiol acrylate stoichiometry has a significant impact on the ionogel's polymerization kinetics and mechanical properties.

The ionogels also have extremely high dynamic viscoelasticity with a storage modulus that can reach 105 Pa. The Arrhenius plots for the ionic fluid BMIMBF4 and ionogels containing varying amounts of hyperbranched polymer exhibit typical rubber-like behaviour. Over the temperature range investigated, the storage modulus is independent of frequency. The ionic conductivity of ionogels is also independent of frequency which is a crucial feature that can be used as electrolytes that are solid-state.

3. Flexibility

Ionogels made from polymer substrates and ionic liquids are extremely electrically stable and high stability. They are a promising material for iontronic devices, such as nanogenerators made of triboelectric, thermoelectric materials and strain sensors. However their flexibility is an important issue. We designed a flexible Ionic-conductive ionogel that self-heals through weak and strong interactions that are reversible. This ionogel is extremely resistant to both stretching and shear forces and can be stretched up to 10 times its original size, without losing ionic conducting properties.

The ionogel is made up of a monomer, acrylamide, with a carboxyl-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone chain (PVDF). It is soluble in water and ethanol as well as Acetone. It also has a high tensile strength of 1.6 MPa and an elongation at break of 9.1 percent. Solution casting is a straightforward method of coating the Ionogel on non-conductive substrates. It's also a good candidate for ionogel-based supercapacitor, as it possesses specific capacity of 62 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and outstanding stability in cyclic cycles.

The paper fan, which is an example of an elastic force sensor has demonstrated that the ionogel also generate electromechanical signals at an extremely high frequency and with a large magnitude. 5C). The ionogel coated paper may also produce reproducible and consistent electromechanical responses when it is folded repeatedly and shut like an accordion.

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4. Healability

Iontogel 3's unique properties make it a great material for a range of applications. These include information security, soft/wearable electronic devices and energy harvesters which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy (e.g.). Ionogels are transparent and self-healing when crosslinking's reversible process is managed in a controlled manner.

To prepare ionogels, a block copolymer of poly(styrene)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-r-acrylic acid) (P(St)-b-P(DMAAm-r-AAc)) is cast into an ionic liquid (IL) and crosslinked using the thermoresponsive Diels-Alder reaction. The resulting ionogels exhibit high Ionic conductivity, Iontogel tensile strength and resilience, as well as possessing a large thermal stability window.

For a more advanced application, the ionogels were doped with carbon quantum dots through dynamic covalent cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde and chemical cross-linking of acrylamide in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl). Moreover, ionogels can be made into a flexible and stretchable membrane by incorporating the ionic-dipole interactions between DMAAm-r-AAc blocks. Ionogels also demonstrated excellent transparency and self-healing properties when stretched cyclically.

Similarly, another approach to endow materials with self-healing properties is to use photo-responsive chromophores that produce dimers upon exposure to light using [2-2] and [4-4] cycloaddition reactions as illustrated in Figure 8b. This technique permits the creation of reversible ion block copolymer gels that self-heal by heating the dimers back to their original state.

Another benefit of these reversible bonds is that it eliminates the need for costly crosslinking agents and allows for easy modification of the material's properties. Ionogels can be utilized for commercial and industrial applications since they can regulate the reversed reaction. They are also designed to perform differently at different temperatures. This is accomplished by varying the concentrations of the ionic fluid and the synthesis conditions. Self-healing Ionogels can be used in outer space, as they can maintain their shape and ionic conductive properties at low vapor pressures. However, more research is needed to design self-healing ionogels that have greater strength and endurance. For instance the ionogels could require reinforcement with more rigid materials, like carbon fibers or cellulose to ensure adequate protection against environmental stressors.